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|attributes= }} Pope Clement I ((ラテン語:Clemens Romanus); Greek: ; died 99), also known as Saint Clement of Rome, is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as Bishop of Rome, holding office from 92 to his death in 99.〔 He is considered to be the first Apostolic Father of the Church.〔 Few details are known about Clement's life. According to Tertullian, Clement was consecrated by Saint Peter,〔 and he is known to have been a leading member of the church in Rome in the late 1st century. Early church lists place him as the second or third〔〔The Catholic Encyclopedia says that no critic now doubts that the names Cletus and Anacletus in lists that would make Clement the fourth successor of Saint Peter refer to the one person, not two.〕 bishop of Rome after Saint Peter. The ''Liber Pontificalis''〔''Liber Pontificalis'' (2 )〕 presents a list that makes Pope Linus the second in the line of bishops of Rome, with Peter as first; but at the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Pope Cletus, for the priestly service of the community, devoting himself instead to prayer and preaching, and that it was to Clement that he entrusted the Church as a whole, appointing him as his successor. Tertullian considered Clement to be the immediate successor of Peter.〔(De praescriptione haereticorum, 32 )〕 In one of his works, Jerome listed Clement as "the fourth bishop of Rome after Peter" (not in the sense of fourth successor of Peter, but fourth in a series that included Peter), and added that "most of the Latins think that Clement was second after the apostle".〔(Illustrious Men, 15 )〕 Clement is put after Linus and Cletus/Anacletus in the earliest (c. 180) account, that of Irenaeus,〔''Against Heresies''(3:3.3 ) "In the third place from the apostles, Clement was allotted the bishopric."〕 who is followed by Eusebius of Caesarea.〔''Church History'' (3.4.10 ) "Clement ... was appointed third bishop of the church at Rome"〕 Clement's only genuine extant writing is his letter to the church at Corinth (1 Clement) in response to a dispute in which certain presbyters of the Corinthian church had been deposed.〔"Clement of Rome, St." Cross, F. L. (ed.), ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).〕 He asserted the authority of the presbyters as rulers of the church on the ground that the Apostles had appointed such.〔 His letter, which is one of the oldest extant Christian documents outside of the New Testament, was read in church, along with other epistles, some of which later became part of the Christian canon. These works were the first to affirm the apostolic authority of the clergy.〔 A second epistle, 2 Clement, was attributed to Clement, although recent scholarship suggests it to be a homily by another author.〔 In the legendary Clementine Literature, Clement is the intermediary through whom the apostles teach the church.〔 According to tradition, Clement was imprisoned under the Emperor Trajan; during this time he is recorded to have led a ministry among fellow prisoners. Thereafter he was executed by being tied to an anchor and thrown into the sea.〔 Clement is recognized as a saint in many Christian churches and is considered a patron saint of mariners. He is commemorated on 23 November in the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, and the Lutheran Church.〔See Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)〕 In Eastern Orthodox Christianity his feast is kept on 24 or 25 November. ==Life== Starting in the 3rd and 4th century,〔 tradition has identified him as the Clement that Paul mentioned in Philippians , a fellow laborer in Christ.〔"Writers of the 3rd and 4th cents., like Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, equate him (St. Clement I), perhaps, correctly, with the Clement whom St. Paul mentions (Phil. 4:3) as a fellow worker." — 〕 While in the mid-19th century it was customary to identify him as a freedman of Titus Flavius Clemens, who was consul with his cousin, the Emperor Domitian, this identification, which no ancient sources suggest, then lost support.〔(Chapman, John. "Pope St. Clement I." in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908 )〕 The 2nd-century ''Shepherd of Hermas'' mentions a Clement whose office it was to communicate with other churches; most likely, this is a reference to Clement I.〔"Vision II," 4. 3〕 The ''Liber Pontificalis'', which documents the reigns of popes, states that Clement had known Saint Peter. It also states that he wrote two letters (though the second letter, 2 Clement, is no longer ascribed to him) and that he died in Greece in the third year of Emperor Trajan's reign, or 101 AD. A large congregation existed in Rome c. 58, when Paul wrote his Epistle to the Romans.〔 Paul arrived in Rome c. 60 (Acts).〔 His Captivity Epistles, as well as Mark, Luke, Acts, and 1 Peter were written here, according to many scholars. Paul and Peter were said to have been martyred here. Nero persecuted Roman Christians after Rome burned in 64, and the congregation may have suffered further persecution under Domitian (81–96). Clement was the first of early Rome's most notable bishops.〔"Rome (early Christian)." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005〕 Clement is known for his epistle to the church in Corinth (c. 96), in which he asserts the apostolic authority of the bishops/presbyters as rulers of the church.〔 The epistle mentions ''episkopoi'' (overseers, bishops) or ''presbyteroi'' (elders, presbyters) as the upper class of minister, served by the deacons, but, since it does not mention himself, it gives no indication of the title or titles used for Clement in Rome. It has been cited as the first work to establish Roman primacy, but most scholars see the epistle as more fraternal than authoritative,〔 "Most scholars would now regard 1 Clement as an impressive example of fraternal correction rather than an authoritative intervention." Patrick Granfield and Peter C. Phan, The Gift of the Church: A Textbook On Ecclesiology In Honor Of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B, (Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2000), p. 32.〕 and Orthodox scholar John Meyendorff sees it as connected with the Roman church's awareness of its "priority" (rather than "primacy") among local churches.〔(John Meyendorff, The Primacy of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Early Church ) (St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1992), p. 135–136〕 In the epistle, Clement uses the terms bishop and presbyter interchangeably for the higher order of ministers above deacons.〔 In some congregations, particularly in Egypt, the distinction between bishops and presbyters seems to have become established only later.〔"Bishop." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005〕 But by the middle of the second century all the leading Christian centres had bishops.〔 Scholars such as Bart Ehrman treat as significant the fact that, of the seven letters written by Ignatius of Antioch to seven Christian churches shortly after the time of Clement, the only one that does not present the church as headed by a single bishop is that addressed to the church in Rome. Although this letter didn`t refer to a collective priesthood either. 〔(Bart D. Ehrman, ''Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend'' (Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 978-0-19974113-7), p. 83 )〕 According to apocryphal ''acta'' dating to the 4th century at earliest, Clement was banished from Rome to the Chersonesus during the reign of the Emperor Trajan〔〔 and was set to work in a stone quarry. Finding on his arrival that the prisoners were suffering from lack of water, he knelt down in prayer. Looking up, he saw a lamb on a hill, went to where the lamb had stood and struck the ground with his pickaxe, releasing a gushing stream of clear water. This miracle resulted in the conversion of large numbers of the local pagans and his fellow prisoners to Christianity. As punishment, Saint Clement was martyred by being tied to an anchor and thrown from a boat into the Black Sea. The legend recounts that every year a miraculous ebbing of the sea revealed a divinely built shrine containing his bones. However, the oldest sources on Clement's life, Eusebius and Jerome, note nothing of his martyrdom.〔"But the oldest witnesses, down to Eusebius and Jerome, know nothing of his martyrdom." (History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity, AD 100–325 – "Clement of Rome" )〕 The Inkerman Cave Monastery marks the supposed place of Clement's burial in the Crimea. A year or two before his own death in 869, Saint Cyril brought to Rome what he believed to be the relics of Saint Clement, bones he found in the Crimea buried with an anchor on dry land. They are now enshrined in the Basilica di San Clemente.〔 Other relics of Saint Clement, including his head, are claimed by the Kiev Monastery of the Caves in Ukraine. Early succession lists name Clement as the first,〔(History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity, AD 100–325 – "Clement of Rome" )〕〔Like Schaff, the Holy See's ''Annuario Pontificio'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2008 ISBN 978-88-209-8021-4), p. 7 *, gives Clement as "supreme pontiff of Rome" in either 92–99 or 68–76, making him either the first or the third successor of Saint Peter, but not the second.〕 second, or third〔〔The Catholic Encyclopedia article says that only on the false assumption that "Cletus" and "Anacletus" were two distinct persons, instead of variations of the name of single individual, did some think that Clement was the fourth successor of Saint Peter.〕 successor of Saint Peter. However, the meaning of his inclusion in these lists has been very controversial.〔(Van Hove, Alphonse. "Bishop." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 6 Dec. 2008 )〕 Some believe there were presbyter-bishops as early as the 1st century,〔 but that there is no evidence for a monarchical episcopacy in Rome at such an early date.〔 There is also, however, no evidence of a change occurring in ecclesiastical organization in the latter half of the 2nd century, which would indicate that a new or newly-monarchical episcopacy was establishing itself.〔 Also Dionysius of Corinth and Irenaeus of Lyon both viewed Clement as a monarchial bishop who intervened in the dispute in the church of Corinth. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Clement I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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